◆ SpookStack

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100140001-2 dence in the correctness of one’s own erroneous opin- ions is positively correlated with the degree of expertise one believes oneself to have in the field of knowledge within which the erroneous opinion falls. This finding may help in understanding why the authors of some of these books did not find it necessary to consider criucally their own erroneous statements. A very considerable proportion of psychologists have a potential interest in the question of ESP. Ina. recent survey (Wagner & Monnet, 1979) of university professors in various fields, 34% of hologists were found to consider ESP cither an established fact ora cly possibility, exactly the same proportion-es-cous sidered it an impossibility. In this survey, psychologists ‘Tess Trequently expressed a positive opinion than did members of other disciplines, a finding that may be attributable to psychologists’ better understanding of sources of error in human judgment. There seems to be no equally sound reason for the curious fact that psychologists differed overwhelmingly from others in their tendency to consider ESP an impossibility. Of natural scienusts, only 3% checked that opinion: of the 166 professors in other social sciences, not a single one did. ’” Both of these groups of psychologists have been ill served by the apparently scholarly books that seem to convey information about the dream experiments. . The same may be said about some other lines of para- psychological research. Interested readers might well consult the original sources and form their own judg- ments. REFERENCES Akers, C. (1984), Methadological criticisms of parapsychology. In S. Krippner (Ed.), Advances in parapsychological research (Vol. 4, pp. 112-164). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Alcock, J. E. (1981). Parapsychology, science or magic? A psycho- logical perspective. New York: Pergamon Press. Alcock, J. E. (1983), Bringing anomalies back into psychology. Contemporary Psychology, 28, 351-352. Aycroff. F., & Abelson, R. P. (1976). ESP and ESB: Belief in personal success at mental telepathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: 34, 240-247, Belvedere, E., & Foulkes, D. (1971). Telepathy and dreams: A failure to replicate. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33. 783-789. Blackmore, S. J. (1984). A psychological theory of the out-of-body experience. Journal of Parapsychology, 48, 201-218. Bradley, J. V, (1981). Overcon fidence in ignorant experts. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Saciety, 17, 82-84. Bradley, J. V. (1984). Antinonrobustness: A case study in the so- Gology of science. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 463- 466 Braud, W. (1977). Long~listance drearn and presieep telepathy. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in parapsychology 1976 (pp. 154-155), Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow. Child, 1. L., Kanthamani, H., & Sweeney, V. M. (1977). A simplified experiment in dream telepathy. In J. D. Morris, W. G. Roll, & R. L. Morris (Eds.), Research in parapsychology 1976 (pp. 91- 93). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow. Crandall, J.E., & Hite, D. D. (1983). Psi-missing and displacement: November 1985 * American Psychologist Evidence for improperly focused psi? Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 77, 209-228. Foulkes, D., Belvedere, E., Masters, R. E. L., Houston, J., Krippner, S., Honorton, C., & Ullman, M. (1972). Long-distance “sensory- bombardment” ESP in dreams: A failure to replicate. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, 731-734. Globus, G., Knapp, P., Skinner, J., & Healey, J. (1968). An appraisal of telepathic communication in dreams. Psychophysiology, 4, 365. Hall, C. (1967). Experimente zur telepathischen Becinflussung von Tréumen. (Experiments oo telepathic influence on dreams). Zeitschrift fir Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiere der Prychologie. 10, 18-47, Hansel, C. E. M. (1980). ESP and parapsychology: A critical re- evaluation. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. Honorton, C., Krippner, S., & Ullman, M. (1972). Telepathic per- ception of art prints under two conditions. Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Associ- ation, 7, 319-320. Hyman, R. (1985). The ganzfeld psi experiment: A critical appraisal, Journal of Parapsychology, 49, 3-49. Irwin, H. J. (1979). Psi and the mind. An information processing approach, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, Jahn, R. G. (1982). The persistent paradox of psychic phenomena: An engineering perspective. Proceedings of the Instinue of Elec- trical and Electronics Engineers, 70, 136-170, Knppner, S., Honorton, E., & Ullman, M. (1972). A second pre- cognitive dream study with Malcolm Bessent. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 66, 269-279. Knippocr, S., Honortoa, C., & Ullman, M. (1973). An experiment in dream telepathy with “The Grateful Dead.” Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentisiry and Medicine, 20, 9-17, Krippner, S., Honorton, C., UUman, M., Masters, R., & Houston, J.(1971). A long-distance “sensory-bombardment” study of ESP in dreams. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 65, 468-475, Knippoer, $., & Uliman, M. (1970). Telepathy and dreams: A con- trolled experiment with clectroencephalogram-electro-oculogram monitoring. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 15], 394- 403. Knippner, S., Ullman, M., & Honorton, C. (1971). A precognitive dream study with a single subject. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 65, 192-203. Lowry, R. (1981). Apparent PK effect on computer-gencrated ran- dom digit series. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 75, 209-220. Marks, D., & Kammann, R. (1980). The psychology of the psychic. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus. MosteUer, F., & Bush, R. R. (1954). Selected quantitative techniques. in G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 289-334). Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, Neher, A. (1980). The psychology of transcendence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Puthoff, H. E.. & Targ. R. (1976). A perceptual channel for infor- mauon transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 64, 329-354. Radin, D. 1. (1982). Experimental attempts to influence pseudo- Fandom number sequences. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 76, 359-374, Rochtschaffen, A. (1970). Sleep and dream states: An experimental design. In R. Cavanna (Ed.), Psi favorable states of consciousness (pp. 87-120). New York: Parapsychology Foundation. Romm, E. G. (1977). When you give a closet oocultist a Pb.D., what stind of research can you expect? The Humanist, 37(3), ~15. Rosenthal, R. (1984). Afeta-analytic procedures for social research. Beverty Hills, CA: Sage. Strauch, I. (1970). Dreams and psi in the laboratory, In R. Cavanna 1229 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003100140001-2