◆ SpookStack

Allied methods are the stand-in, where people line up for admiasion to a theater or similar place; the wade-in, in which campaigners attempt to swim at a segregated beach; and the kneel-in, in which Negroes try to worship at a church which excludes them. 2, The fast The fast was used as a method of psychological intervention by, among others, Danilo Dolci when he led — 1000 unemployed fishermen in a 24 hour mass fast on a beach in Sicily. The fast can be of heightened effective- ness when undertaken by persons of high status, such as ministers. Gandhi, the best-known faster, considered this the most difficult of all techniques and emphasized that it should be thought through carefully. This is especially true of the fast unto death. Experience with the fast in Albany, Georgia, by peace walkers indicates that clarity of purpose and realistic time periods are important. Efforts must be made to over- come the misunderstanding which comes in a society where "good living" is prized and self-denial is looked down on. : Gandhi believed that fasting is most effective when there is a close relationship between the faster and the opponent. 3. Reverse strike This method has been found effective in various situations. Agricultura] workers have done more work T4 and worked longer hours than they were paid to do, in support of their demand for pay increases. The unem- ployed in Sicily in 1956 voluntarily repaired a public road that was badly in need of repair in order to call attention to the severe unemployment in the area and the government's failure to deal with it. Although this method looks harmless enough at first glance, it has in practice been regarded as a sufficient threat so that reverse-strikers have been arrested, imprisoned, and even in some cases shot by police attempting to stop them from working! 4. Nonviolent interjection and obstruction This invoives piacing one's body between another person and the objective of his work. Civil rights workers in this country have used it at school and other construction sites, to protest the building of a structure or discrimination in hiring the construction workers. Striking hosiery workers in Reading, Penn- sylvania, in 1957 lay down on the sidewalks at the factory gates making it necessary for non-strikers to walk over them to get into the factory, or to stay away from their jobs. In early 1964 at a Cleveland construc~ tion site several actionists lay down in front of a bull- dozer; a minister, seeing that the operator might reverse direction, lay down behind the bulldozer and was killed. We should remember that in a confus- 75