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a aan persistence in position and persistence in negotiation. To remain intransigent in position destroys the very nature of negotiation, and usually ends in terminating the nego- tiation which, in turn, encourages trial by strength. 6 Negotiation requires recoguizing that opposite interests may be genuinely and deeply felt, even though particu- lar controversies arising during the negotiating process may be exaggerated by the negotiators. Many who have listened to Russian and American spokesmen in the assem- blies of the United Nations have often wished that the defamatory words of the speech-makers could be deleted . so that only the issue itself would appear. Stinging charges of insincerity never helped to settle any argument nor to clarify the points at issue. 7. Negotiation requires privacy. Ie cannot be carried on in a goldfish bowl or in a theatre where the actors are rempted to overact their parts. Irresponsible publicity, tip-offs, and trying the case in the newspapers for “effect” invariably handicap negotiation, There are those who will insist chat negotiation between the Soviet Union and the United States is irapossible. Surely, increasing suspicion and lack of confidence on both sides ren- der negotiation increasingly difficult. Yet, agreements must be made, and it is far better for them to be made before a third world war than afterward. Strengthening International The role to be played by the Peacemaking Functions United Nations and other in- ternational organizations in a world deeply divided by ideological differences and heavily armed is more and more phrased in terms of negotiation vs. power, peace vs. war, In terms of basic plan the United Nations Charter is a great step forward from the League of Nations Covenant. The League put the emphasis on measures to delay the outbreak of hostilities. The United Nations Charter empha~- sizes peaceful settlement of disputes and creates a means for common action against social and economic problems which can develop into political conflicts. It is worthwhile to repeat the Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations: 42 We the people of the United Natious determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind and to reafhirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respece for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of interna- tional law can be maintained, and to promote social Progress and better standards of life in larger free- dom, and for these ends to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, char armed force shall not be used, save in the commoa in- terest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advance- ment of all peoples, bave resolved to combine our efforts ta accomplish these ainss, But the “collective measures” provision, which was intended as a minor function of the United Nations, has, by events, been altered out of all proportion to its original intent. It was expected at the founding of the United Nations that nations would disarm, thac a police force could then be established, thar the Great Powers would remain in substantial agreement, that collective action would never be used againse any of the Great Powers (since that would be on a scale of “war’) and this would be assured by the “veto.” The police force in an un- armed world and under laws and restrictions would deter any other country from seciling its disputes by military means, But over the last seven years a very different alternative has developed. The nations have not disarmed; the Great Powers have not remained in agreement but are engaged in an unprece- dented power struggle; the de facto government of one of the Great Powers stipulated in the Charter (China) is unrecog- nized and banned from membership in the United Nations; the veto has been by-passed by referring collective measures 43