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these men lacked an older sibling who might make up for parental defi- ciencies. Instead, they had to com- pete with younger siblings in an emo- tionally deficient environment. Compounding the offenders’ limit- ed opportunities for positive attach- ments were their perceptions of pa- rental discipline. Frequently, the men reported discipline as unfair, hostile, inconsistent, and abusive. These men believed they were not dealt with fairly by adults throughout their formative years. This quote from a serial murderer illustrates these beliefs: “See, if | had my way, you guys would never have grown up or become FBI agents. | wanted the whole world to kick off when | was about 9 or 10. | didn’t want my family to break up; | loved them both. There was a lot of fighting and that had me crying watching it at night. They divorced. I’ve got two sisters and my mother treated me like a third daughter telling me what a rotten father | have. I'm supposed to be identifying with my dad and | never did. | got an older sister that beats up on me a lot—tive years older. | got a younger sister that lies on both of us and gets us punished. | had the instinct to feel like I'm getting a rotten deal.” The data have suggested that most of the 36 murderers, while grow- ing UP, had weak attachments to family members. They felt uninvolved with their fathers, ambivalent toward their mothers, and little attachment to younger siblings. The parents were preoccupied with their own problems of substance abuse, criminality, or ab- errant sexual behavior and were often arguing. It appears that while parents offered little guidance, they were role models for deviant patterns. individual Development When looking at individual devel- opment of the offenders, two factors stand out—the dominance of a fanta- sy life and a_ history of personal abuse. Many of the murderers were able to describe the importance of a fanta- sy life in their early development. These fantasies were primarily violent and sadistic in nature. Twenty offend- ers had rape fantasies before age 18, and seven of these men acted out these fantasies within a year of be- coming consciously aware of them. There was evidence of abuse in the childhood histories of these men. Physical abuse (13/31), psychological abuse (23/31), and childhood sexual abuse (12/31) were noted. When the offenders were asked to rank their sexual interests, the high- est ranking activity was pornography (81 percent), followed by compulsive masturbation (79 percent), fetishism (72 percent), and voyeurism (71 per- cent). It is interesting to note the seemingly solitary pattern of these sexual expressions. it appears that the childhood physical and sexual abuse experi- enced by these offenders was mani- fested in their preference for fantasy life. In addition, when questioned about the murders themselves and their preparations for the murders, the men identified the importance of fan- tasy to the rapes and murders. After the first murder, the men found them- selves deeply preoccupied and some- times stimulated by their memories of the act, all of which contributed to fantasies for subsequent murders. One begins to understand how an early pattern used to cope with an un- satistactory family life might turn a 99 “It appears that the childhood physical and sexual abuse experienced by these offenders was manifested in their preference for fantasy life.” child away from reality and into his own private world of violence where the child can exert control. The con- trol of the fantasy becomes crucial first to the child and later to the man. These are not fantasies of escape to something better, as one often sees in children recovering from sexual as- saults and abusive treatment. These men did not overcompensate for the stimulation and aggression by idyllic thinking or creative interests. Rather, their energies were funneled into fan- tasies of aggression and mastery over other people, suggesting a projected repetition of their own abuse and identification with the aggressor. AS one murderer stated, “Nobody both- ered to find out what my problem was and nobody knew about the fantasy world.” Performance Examination of performance be- havior of these murderers revealed another paradox. Despite intelligence and potential in many areas, perform- ance in academics, employment, sexual relationships, and military serv- ice was often poor. In all of these areas, performance did not match po- tential. Although these men had the intel- ligence to perform well in school, aca- demic failure was seen in their having to repeat elementary grades. The ma- jority did not finish high school. In ad- dition, school failure was frequently mentioned by the men, suggesting that they related this early failure to their sense of inadequacy. The men also had the intelligence needed to perform skilled jobs, how- ever, most offenders had poor work histories in unskilled jobs, and only 20 percent had ever held steady jobs. About half of the offenders en- tered the military. Only 4 of the 14