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“(ian Hawes al prescel Wf an ser tor the textile Workers 4e Carolinas, At the time of abe incorporation she was active ip Tennepace. toe Horton, whose parents before birg have studied in Tennessee, was educated at Cumberland Ual- versity at Lebanon, Tenn. and at the University. ef Chicago. Be also studied in Denmark, from which country he eaid that he hed devised the present system of oO operative farm organization fa- vored by Highlander School. - THREATS RECALLED 2". Horton told me that severa) limes since the echoo! had . beet incorporated it had been tbreet- ened because of tts so-called “ieft- ist" teachings. : 7 "We applied to the FERA tor money to purchase a cooperative farm," he said. “The president of the Southern Industria) Council reported that we were Communists and we were refused the grant we sought.” He said thet on another orcasion a mountain boy came to bim and told him he bad been hired to kill him (Horton). The Highlander schoo] placed Moodtights around the buliding to prevent ap amm- bush, Horton gaid, ‘ On another cccasion the schoo) feader reported the Americen Le gion, then js session in Monteagle. threatened to mareh on “the achac!. "We mounted guard, but they never did show wp,” Horton eid. James Dombrowsk!, another ef the tncorporstors, waa absent from Highlander Bebool! éuring my wiatt there. ] had wanted to meet Bim, a I bad beard of him on severe! occasions . : ok ON FUND CAMPAIGN . He was in New York on Jeave of abeenot, seeking to ralse money for the FU rt of the school, He gent we ard? teat be would Bsve t& enter a New Fork bcepital because of some trooble etth is hack... Dombrawski wad graduated from the Union Theological Seminary with the degree of Bachelor of Divinity im 191 and he received the Doctor of Philowephy degree from Columbla Univeraity in 1937. He received the Bachelor of Phi- Josophy degree from Emory Uni- versity In 1923. He was ordained a foinister st a Canadian confer- 3820 but never held s Bas- “| ewo ama} seer eae Mealp ware eerved in the mats assembly room, which contained a table large enough te feed the 18 | to 25 students who attend the reg- ular courses. STUDENTS FROM C. I, 0. These students represent C. LO. unions In the various parte of the South, and attend a regular six- (weeks' course. At the last session, eS 4 \ just ended, 19 aludents were pres- 4 ‘ent. AU of them are expected to 7" return to thelr organizations and ‘" Jocalitleas to spread the doctrine +* taught at Highlander and to be- ycome active as organizers, “* Classes, in the most part, are _ held in this Jarge assembly room as most of the students are taking the same courses, The expenses of the student averages about $100 and elther be or bis union must ‘pay. There are a few scholarshins available at the achool. OSS esicemis. | | According to Horton and others, the Hightander School was started ne 20 years age a5 & Cooper- ative project for tbe Bummerfield SS community in Grundy County, Se. * | near where It t located. 2 my (Dr. Lilian Johnson, s teacher at _ = + ert Tennessee State Teach- ‘. . ers’ College, Duilt the school im an ” attempt to provide ihe means for : pettering condniens for the com- P SHARES BSOLC AT I was told by All Kilgore, who | farme the 40 acres belonging to ~{ the Highlander Bchoc! and who ‘wan a member of Dr. Johpron's niiemyt, that shares in the project : were sold to Grundy County res! ‘dents at §5 each. ot “She tad travelled in Nurope and wapted us to sei & cooperative here like they have t2 Denmark,” Hilgore aaid. “Her plan didn't work out and in « few years, she cave Qs OUT Mopper back. However, ir. Johnson alayed on end several years later became acquainted with Horton” | . : Horton told me that be worked for more than # year in Grundy County before be conveived the idea for Highlander School. ‘? became friends with as many Grundy Coynty residents os I 4 equid go they wouldn't become sus- i picious of me,” he said. Tt wha on July 21, 1034 that the eeee in achool was officially incorporated torate.. ‘ -_ under the Inwas of the atate of ‘According ‘to the records, he ‘—wenneseee under those provisions of the statutes that provide for in- corporation of “Any Mterary oF . acientific undertaking as & college “Sabor university, with powers ta con er jer degress, BR academy, debating A santetv. a fyceum, the estadlish- we Bhs of « iivcary, the support of arrested in Elisabethton, Tenn. and apest 24 hours in jal follow- ing an address there before s law and order league. He was released an June 13, 1929. On December 4, 1031, be was list- ed as one of seven persons who were eitacked when they accom- panied the Rev. Eliot White on an expedition to distribute union it- erature to siriking employes of the Brooklyn office of the New York Ediaon Company. Th 4, historical society, the organiza tion and wupport of @ battlefield the promotion of ting and the fine arts: boards of trade or or other eee ated lin = § BEROTIELIGD, “4 pusic, pato _ the support of “tote tad chambers of oammerce _Pusy objects of the ike o Rev. White later obtained a warrant the company foreman with oon- mending the attack upon his party. TROUBLE OVER POSTERS In 1932, Dombrowsk{ had trouble with the United States customs of- ficials over eome posters showing activities of the Soviet Govern- The charter further read that: PURPOSES CITED, . “| “The particular purposes Tor s!whieh this charter is sought are aj ite wupper. of the Highlander Folk ii Senrcl ter the education of adult workpre “the training of rufa) and Ere . ee ueheiel dere and genera) aca- | ment guch af public health work, in evento . Beier. tat be had purchased in Moscow. Heston, Elizabeth Hawes, James| At the tims Dembrowski's oo} pion Dembcakak, Rupert Hampton apd lection was held up, the customs x pO Cree eg Dt ibaa ita : wo \ cr Sce on Sei anh am : ‘a we ; Cal ms ra a . aks cs pn tl Tea GRE OS a ls T oF" | $‘The transcript shows that Ser: |" * : ger made ths following mention ‘ef, the Highlan’. wp ; Question. ROBERTS ~- - Wye ‘BuO 1: J. O'Connor Roberta, somomtittee counsel, asked: What, if aty- thing Mr. Berger, did you learn as to the subversive activities in Ten- jeownrza0> wreyses f We “aepmieg greg 801, sdrsinem peg y: Poe serseruey po: nessee in connection with the WPA P44 Fanpans a aemod projecta?™: =": a pe 2 Roya @UERT aT. erg aah “Jn the fouthern states: ~t.5 7” MAgOd ¢ at appeara to be at a minimum. ) About all “we fomd te indicate! Bia ans ‘in = subversive activities was the so- POP 6ite MPONER . tivity ef the Workers Alliance, Og bamop qe vara ea whith eeemed fo be rather alert Ma my pusjop a » down there in taking fart in alt- ‘smouWG | down strikes on WPA projects. In t 4q sien gion 2 the eastern part of the state In WS} Gon a4 Di Bradley (Col Harry 8. Berry, state nh PCS O6ES thao sec WPA administrator, said Barger ms £9 yoddne wary us. meant Grundy) County, there was gome trouble and they were rather helped out by an institution known ae the Highlander Foik School, which was organized under the Tennessee statutes: providing for the incorporation of educations institutions, “The charter recites eas ope of the objects of the imstitation the tralning ef rural and industriai leadera They got the credit over there for having fomented sit-down strikes, but we did not go inte it The incerporators ef the High jander Folk Mchoo! were Mytes Horton, Ehizabeth Haws (Hawes). ames Dombrowski}, Rupert Mamp- ton and Maierim Chisholm” NO WPA CONNECTION Roberts: “That does net have any connection with the WPA‘ Barger: “No sir; it does pet” Representative Cannon (from Missouri): “Ii wes oreated ander the laws of Tennessee?" . Barger: “¥eu eit, 1 mentioned that simply in connection with the question whether there Ware any subversive activities.” Te Cannen:: “You “hays so “Sirec’ evidence of ‘that,.do yout": - Barger: “No air, except whet I unde - : In a tater talk wit” Horton I esked bim what bls Ideals for his achcol were. He referred mt to & book, “The Community School,” published by D. Appleton-Century Company, in which be had written a chapter on Highlander School. “Social theories much @f# . - - Communtiem . .°. Bhould be dis cussed freely. Countries where this theory is being tried should “be examined in the light of demo- cratic ideals. 7, “Capitalism as we know it In America should be studied st length, atarting with the iocal aitu- q08dn oy TP % sex ese F Sui. May yo ed up de> mods preng « 8 eOTNOR) om waBl Socorro: ation, A study should be made : op of poverty, insecurity, depressio TeA0pjoY wu] a; and other such pointe ~* - , _ ot “The reascbs behind the dental j] “*#¥ed ‘eyo of the right of free speech to the ay Ihdeyg WA pur minority groupa mch ss Commun Ados Wai panon ists should be = . _ J asked Horton what he did with (M ‘Teprege vag ; these ideas. a - ind pe: _ “Well,” be sald, “take for to- Weg eq; @rqs stance Grundy County. Ii is poor. aon). broken downh—e failure. 1 am trying to work out my philosophy bere. I want the school to help Grundy Gounty.” .. = Aatiable furniture repair PIM Foes gt: painters, plastarers, #c., are reg- he ularly Neted In the classified ads.7 7" : {vou oat dé apen them, 1 Od ie why we ~ a ." ~ o ce . 4 a ae Sy sn , eo es any Ye kh} * ee , aS, oye! "ete | dep ar a tr 2 oS a ae | aa ws {