◆ SpookStack

> #4 te U =) =- = na 3 “ “I 3 & co < -_ Pam) #7) me aw r- = — o om io” o = in t H wd ig vr = that the right of an accused to confront the witnesses against him, assured by the Sixth Amendment, applies to the States through the Fourteenth. That case was decided in 1965, so the process has been a gradual but continuing one. As a result of this selective process of incorporating the Bill of Rights into one or more of the clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, most of the guarantees orig- inally applicable only to the federal government have become applicable to the states. That is the reason why in this century, particularly, the Court decisions have in in the minds of many been an unsettling influence. What it has actually meant is that the standards for law enforcement have bren raised. The reach of the con- stitutional protection of the citizen has been extended and the Amcrican concept of freedom, equality, and justice has. I think, been greatly enriched. This has meant that it was necessary to re-educate many of the police. The FBI has led the way. It has helped us realize that brains as well as brawn can solve crime; that beatings, torture, detention acom- municado, breaking down the doors of homes and other like lawless action has no place in our society. For 31 years it has had its Nationa] Academy where local law enforcement officers are trained. The course is for 12 weeks; and as of May 25, 1966, it had gradu- ated 4,936. Of these 28 percent are executive heads of their respective agencies. The present academy capacity of 200 a year will soon be increased to 1.200. The FBI has extended other extensive help to municipal, county, and state law enforcement groups. Between 1961 and 1965 it held across the Nation 20,857 law enforcement schools attended by nearly 600,000 people. Training was provided at all levels and of all types. This instruction 3 And sec Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415.