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not mandatory, but may be levied that adverse drug reactions in the Humane Experimental Techniques," as high as $10,000 per violation. U.S. kill more than 100,000 people recommends that researchers look While the AwA says that re- a year. diligently for other ways to conduct search facilities must "develop, While many people object to their experiments without using document and follow an appropri- using animals to test products animals. If researchers must use ate plan to provide dogs with the such as cosmetics, new cleaning animals, it should be the smallest opportunity to exercise," the agency solutions, and pesticides, they still number possible, wrote Russell and will exempt a facility if the dogs are support using animals for medical Burch. According to the principles research. A 2014 survey of a thou- of the 3Rs, scientists should try to Legcly.oryexoermert sand people taken in England by use computer models or inverte- the market research firm Ipsos MORI brates, which biologists have noted showed that 68 percent approved have fewer nerve receptors. housed in larger cages. The stan- of animal research to find a cure Even though the end of animal dard cage size is essentially the for a disease, but only 35 percent testing would mean the end of length of the dog times the length of those interviewed approved Ridglan Farms, co-owner Jim Burns of the dog. If a dog gets twice that of using animals for "all types of who owns a companion dog him- much cage space, research facili- research." In their efforts to pro- self, said he expects the "need" for ties aren't required to give the dogs mote animal testing, groups such animal testing to diminish. "Looking any exercise at all. as Understanding Animal Research forward, when stem cell testing is According to DxE investiga- point to animal testing's contribution approved by the FDA,I think it wil tor Paul Darwin Picklesimer there to advances in medicine such as eliminate the use of a lot of bea- was no indication that the dogs at blood transfusions. penicillin, insulin. gles," Burns told Isthmus. "Super- Ridqlan had ever been outside or cervical cancer vaccine, anesthetics computers, too, will have an impact received an opportunity to exercise. and more on the use of animals in research." Another method under devel- THE EFFICACY OF ALTERNATIVES TO opment for toxicology testing is called the Tissue Chip for Druq TESTING HOMAN ANIMAL Screeninq" The NIH, the FDA and the Defense of Advanced Research MEDICATIONS ON RESEARCH Projects Agency are collaborat- ing on creating 3-D "human tissue DOGS chips* modeled on human organs, The National Institutes of Health to predict the safety or toxicity of acknowledges that there is gen- specific drugs. Over and over again researchers eral public agreement that as few However, many research orga- have learned that just because a animals as possible be used in. nizations are fighting for the right drug works on animals, it doesn't research and that animals should be to continue to use animals, arguing mean it will be effective or even protected from unnecessary pain. that in vitro experiments or comput safe for humans. According to a In response to public concern. ers still cannot replicate the incred- 2004 Food and Drug Administra- over the use of animals in research, ibly complex reactions in a living tion study, 92 percent of drugs scientists have come up with an animal. They also point out that used successfully on animals fail ethics guideline for testing on ani- even with this type of research, an- to receive approval for human use mals: "Reduction, Replacement and imals are still used to generate the Research scientists Kathy Archibald Refinement." This guideline, de. cell cultures; and computer models and Robert Coleman noted in an ar- scribed in William Russell and Rex are developed based on results ticle in the New Scientist Magazine, Burch's 1959 book, *Principles of from previous in vivo tests.