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insti+ , was approximately 1 to 12.6, while in the United States it is ut I to 14. Although there were only 27,000 gr. te students enrolled in the Soviet Union in 1952 (as compa. to 69,000 master's and doctor's degrees alone awarded in the United States that year), the Soviet Union in 1954 graduated twice as many engineers as the United States and three times as many physicians. More than 60 per. cent of all Soviet graduates that year were in engineering and the sciences, as compared to 25 r cent in the United States. By 1950 the Soviet Union had about 100 persons with a higher education for every 10,000 popu- lation, which is a slightly higher proportion than that of most Western European countries but is far below the United States figure of 320 per 10,000 population. The number of Soviet citj- zens with higher education working in the applied scientific felds, however, is believed to equal or slightly surpass the num- ber in the United States. Up to 1940 all Soviet education was tuition-free and a broad scholarship program provided all students exeept those on pro- bation with a monthly stipend for expenses. In 1940 moderate tuition fees of 150 to 200 rubies were introduced into the three upper grades of middle school, and fees of 300 to 500 rub!es in all institutions of higher education. These tuition fees still exist in higher education, but almost all students (more than 96 per cent at the University of Moscow, for example) receive scholar- ships, which are awarded on the basis of grades Science Education Adranced From what has already been said it is no doubt clear that the Soviet edueational system is impressive and deserves to be considered one of the most notable achievements of the Soviet regime. Its level of scientific and technical work in gereral appears to be comparable to that of the United States.* On the other hand, much less attention is devoted to the humanities and social sciences in Soviet education than in American education, and Sovict work in these areas is much more seriously affected than Soviet science by the Procrustean bed of Marxist-Leninist dogma. If Soviet scholarship is ever freed from the dead weight of Marxist seholasticism and political censorship, the subsequent achievements in the humanities and social sciences may well be * On January 2, 1956. The New York Times cited an article in the time and spent $2ooooo unneccssarily in an etlort to soive a number or problems in the area of clectrical circuits which had already been solved. in the Soviet Union and described in a Soviet scientific magazine in 1950.. 19