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for the individual who cannot accept compulsory service of any kind under the state. Something of the spirit of Dritish liberalism toward the conscien- tious objector appears in the Afanchester Guardian of August 23, 1940 (page 118), published in Lon- don in the midst of the life and death struggle going on there. ~ “The Archbishop of York (Dr. Temple) writcs in the York Diocesan Ieafict: Several public hodies have lately passed resolutions terminating the emp'oyment of arfy persons working for them who have pleaded conscientious objection to mili- tary service. I regard this a3 utterly deplorable and in . the decpest sense unpatriotic, We are fighting for freedom, including freedom of conscience as its most vital and sensi- tive element. The State has recognized the reality of conscientious objection to mili- tary service, and it is part of our glory + thag it does this, There is excellent reason for saying that if a man is called up and refuses to serve he shall be put at once in the same finan- cial position as if he were serving in the forces. He ought not to gain financially by his refusal to serve. But to deprive him of employment is to frustrate the action of the State and destroy our most effective witness to our own cause.” Under the Sclective Service Training Act signed by the President of the United States on September 16, 1940, provision has been made for the conscicn- The existence of American citizens who canr participate in any form of war is recognized by t Selective Service Training Act. A wide-spre understanding of why such individuals knowledge of their background is esscntial to t successful carrying out of this legislation. Far back through the centuries there have be those who have found themselves unable to ta the lives of their fellow men cither in order to fe ward their own advantage or at the command any external authority. Prominent among th motives have been religious concepts, based an awareness of God and an acceptance of the broth: hood of man. To Christians, Jesus Christ has terpreted a way of life based on love of God a man, and the idea of overcoming evil with go In the light of his awareness of God and his hi sense of loyalty to Jesus, the Christian paci forms a judgment as to whether war is a prot and effective instrument for man to use in gaini his ends. His judgment is that it is not. This jur ment is shared by tnost of mankind up to the when, gripped by fear or hatred or grecd, they c brace the war method, The pacifist maintains th beliefs even in the face of war, threatencd agr sion or other evils. Nor is the pacifist unwilling to pay for his c: victions. Although in the past they have been ci demned to prison and some to death, like the Ic line of religious martyrs, they have willingly dared punishment for their deep belici.* Til “In the United States, during the last World War. 17 5 condenined to death. 142 to Lfe imprisonment and exany ot to terms from 5 to 25 years. These sentences were wil corm after the war, .