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or immediate importance to the cause, whereas a parade route is chosen for convenience, Both may be short or long. Mass marches and parades can express the soli- darity of the campaigners and be an important morale- booster. The common way of discrediting marches and parades is to describe them as disorderly and violent. —~ You can take two steps to eliminate the validity of this ~ charge: a. Have either silence, or singing in unison. Both make a powerful impression of unity and dignity. Slogan-shouting and conversation build an impres- sion of disunity and disorder. b. Set up a system of leadership. Experience shows it is helpful to have a marshall and a number of line leaders who, once policy is set, follow the directions of the marshall. The leadership helps in two ways: keeping discipline, and building the morale of the marchers. In addition, more efficient decisions can be made in the event of police interference, etc. Leaders should be clearly marked, and should set an example for others to follow. A tong march is often called a watk. The best known civil rights walk is the one William Moore began through the South, and which others continued when he was killed. The Committee for Nonviolent Action has organized two walks for peace and freedom through the South which had to contend with cattle-prods and the like. The effect of a walk can be somewhat like that of the Freedom Rides -- to dramatize an issue 62 and give a morale boost to the movement in the towns through which the walkers go. 2. Picketing and vigiling The difference between picketing and a vigil is that a vigil is longer and held in a meditative spirit. Often a vigil is held around-the-clock for several days, or may be daily for weeks or even months. It is also customary for participants in a vigil to stand rather than walk, as in picketing. In a culture like ours where religion is held in high esteem, a vigil is some- times more effective than picketing; however, it is slightly more wearying and requires more self- and group-discipline. The remarks about orderliness apply here, to both picketing and vigiling. 63