◆ SpookStack

25X1C 25X1C 25X1C 25X1C 25X1C Approved For Retease 2003G/0BT CIA-RDP79M00095A660300030006-3 or GRU has changed dramatically in the past 15 years. Soviet official representation in the US has increased significantly, however, since the early 1960s (from a total of 333 in September 1961 []—Co25X1C to a total of 1,182 Cd in February 1977 [oO 25X1C [__ et There has been a comparable increase in the official representation of the Warsaw Pact countries, which, together with Mongolia, had 270 officials in the US in January 1961, and 647 as of February 1, 1977. These figures represent only a portion of the Soviet and surrogate human resource collection potential, since the US is increasingly accessible to a variety of other collectors, including East-West exchange visitors (10,337 in 1976), tourists (1,747 Soviets in 1976), com- mercial visitors, and crew members (40,234 in 1976) on Soviet ships. Detente spurred the 1972 opening to Soviet shipping of 40 US deep water ports. By 1976, Soviet merchant vessels had access to 56 US ports. 25X1C In 1976, 117 merchant vessels of Soviet surrogate nations made port calls to the US. Since 1971, approximately 14,000 Soviet nationals have immigrated to the US, with a corresponding influx from the Soviet surrogate countries -- of the 14,000 25X1C Soviet immigrants The history of the East-West Exchange Program ; before and after detente is illustrative of trends with respect to the relative accessibility of the US to Soviet human resources intelligence collectors. For more than 15 years, exchanges were carefully negotiated, reciprocal, controlled and limited in scope. Soviet visitors were limited in number and carefully restricted while in the US. The 1972 Summit Meeting, however, resulted in explosive expansion of the scope of the East-West Exchange Program. Simultaneously, centralized Department of State 4 SECRET Approved For Release 2002/09/03 : CIA-RDP79M00095A000300030006-3