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oa ue we . ec ee sistent philosophy, true to all the teachings of natural science, of modern Eyropean states serve the purpose of strengthening old oy hostile to superstitions, cant, etc. The enemies of democracy tried, the domination of the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. Nba me nat 4 3 a It is these three sources, which are also the three component 1” out of one order of social life another and higher order develops, i Dad - parts of Marxism, that we will briefly dwell upon. in consequence of the growth of the productive forces—how ae ae capitalism, for instance, grows out of serfdom. ; & 5S I ‘ Just as the cognition of man reflects nature (i.e., developing » epos The philosophy of Marxism is materialism. Throughout the matter) which exists independently of him, so also the social 4 “eh ‘ recent history of Europe, and particularly at the end of the : cognition of man (i.¢., the various views and doctrines—philo- -/ “af eighteenth century in France, which was the scene of the decisive i sophic, religious, political, etc.) reflects the economic order of zs WAS battle against every kind of medieval rubbish, against serfdom i "society. Political institutions are a superstructure on the economic va Pea . in institutions and ideas, materialism proved to be the only con- H foundation. We see, for ‘example, that the various political forms therefore, with all their energy, to “overthrow,” undermine and The philosophy of Marx completes in itself philosophic mate- defame materialism, and defended various forms of philosophic idealism, which always leads, in one way or another, to the rialism which has provided humanity, and especially the working class, with a powerful instrument of knowledge. | “i | i $4 _ defense and support of religion, | 1 Ee f Marx and Engels always defended philosophic materialism in Ir ; “4 <3 a : the most determined manner, and repeatedly explained the ! Having recognized that the economic order is the foundation ci es a profound error of every deviation from this basis. Their views i upon which the political superstructure is erected, Marx devoted ~ & Ly are more clearly and fully expounded in the works of Engels, ! all the greater attention to the study of that economic order. The “ eh ‘ Ludwig Feuerbach and Anti-Diihring, which, like the Commu- ; principal work of Marx, Capital, is devoted to a study of the 3 Mee nist Manifesto, are household books for every conscious worker. economic order of modern, i.e., capitalist society. tga However, Marx did not stop at the materialism of the eight- Classical political economy, before Marx, was built up in Eng- | pate | eenth century but moved philosophy forward. He enriched it by i land, the most developed capitalise country. Adam Smith and 4 te 4: the achievements of German classical philosophy especially by | David Ricardo, in their investigations of the economic order, laid 4 ‘ Hegel's system, which in its turn had led to the materialism of H the foundations of the labor theory of value. Marx continued Fy Feuerbach. OF these the main achievement is dialectics, i.e., the | their work. He strictly proved and consistently developed this 3 doctrine of development in its fuller, deeper form, free from theory. He showed that the value of every commodity is deter- one-sidedness—the doctrine, also, of the relativity of human mined by the quantity of socially necessary labor time spent in knowledge that provides us with a reflection of eternally develop- ; its production. ing matter. The latest discoveries of natural science—radium, Where the bourgeois economists saw a relation of things (the electrons, the transmutation of elements—are a remarkable con- exchange of one commodity for another) Marx revealed a rela- frmation of the dialectical materialism of Marx, despite the tion between men. The exchange of commodities expresses the doctrines of bourgeois philosophers with their “new returns to connection between individual producers by means of the market. old and rotten idealism. ° Money signifies that this connection is becoming closer and closer, Sst. ee th Sea » e mS = “ anes cla in ee Pe a While deepening and developing philosophic materialism, inseparably combining the entire economic life of the individual 4 Peek Marx carried it to its conclusion; he extended its perception of producers into one whole. Capital signifies a further development oH SaSe ly nature to the perception of human society. The historical mate- of this connection: the labor power of man becomes a commodity. 5 “Cie “yf rialism of Marx represented the greatest conquest of scientific ; The wage laborer sells his labor power to the owner of land, of “4 Ad fi thought. Chaos and arbitrariness, which reigned until then in : factories and instruments of laber. The worker uses one part Seg. the views on history and politics, were replaced by a strikingly : of the labor day to cover the expenditure for the maintenance of consistent and harmonious scientific theory, which shows how himself and his family (wages), and the other part of the day : 3 1% abla. ” poorer yes eare =