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vom aaenuny racner wan the Security Council; and collective measures have been attempted against a heavily armed major group and without approval of one or two of the Great Powers. The concept of police action in an unarmed world has been replaced by collective measures of one power group against anuther—and we have war (cold and hot) in a heavily armed world, The most fateful decision which the United Nations has had to face since its foundation is this: shall the United Nations continue to utilize collective measures against states deemed recalcitrant by the majority in a highly inflamed and armed world; or shall the United Nations return co its original plan and’ develop its peacemaking functions of negotiating settle- ments, solving economic and social problems, creating a dis- armed world so thar collective action may then be possible or become unnecessary? Almost the whole history of the United Nations may be stated thus: it has been successful where it has carried out its peacemaking functions, as in Palestine and Indonesia; and it has been unsuccessful where it has departed from these, as in Korea. Ie is our belief that the peacemaking functions of the United Nations should, at this point, be improved by steps like the followin, 1, Admit all applicant nations who are willing to accept the responsibilities of membership. ‘The United Nations was intended to be an inclusive world organization. Iv was never intended that membership applications should be decided on a basis of struggle for vores of two con- tending groups in the Council and Assembly, 2. Cause action on ant international level fo move through the United Nations, amd not by-pass it. Neither NATO nor satellite arming, neither Marshall plaa aid nor its Russian counterpart in China, neither Point IV pro- grams nor other direct aid should be utilized to advance the special interests of the opposing power blocs. The constructive efforts are too important to be spoiled by Jess than international action; the destructive clements have no proper place. 3. Attempt to settle conflicts like Korea by mediation. All successful settlements of such conflicts point to the fact that a cessation of hostilities cannot be secured until che parties are assured that the issues over which they took up army will receive careful consideration by some redia~ ton commission. No “betrays!” is involved in offering to give full and objective consideration to Chinese views. 4. Dnmediately improve the atmosphere in which the United Nations works by restraining spokesmen from using in- flammatory words, assuming the bad faith of the other party, extolling national vircues, proposing measures sharply divisive in effect, ining up support on a basis of power rather than principle, trying cases in the press. A stare might be made by readopting the procedure of having the permanent members of the Security Council meet privately previous to the consideration of new items by the Council to see if they can adjust their dif- ferent approaches. 5. Support and strengthen the mediation and conciliation functions of the United Nations, More use could be made of the Peace Observation Commission and the Panel of Inquiry and Conciliation already established by the General Assembly. 6. Strengthen and expand United Nations economic and sucial functions. In the specialized agencies under the Economic and Social Council there are unlimited possi- bilities of improving conditions area by area, Aid to underdeveloped areas, administration of trustecships, utilization of resources can cease to be associated with “imperialism” (Eastern or Wester variety) only if these become truly international. It is time co put our emphasis on the peace-making functions of the United Nations as the only means for achieving its great goal—“to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war + « to promote social progress and better standards of life in - larger freedom. . . .” 45